The Imperative of Sustainable Development
Sustainability in Mining
Mining operations, while economically beneficial, often lead to significant environmental degradation, including deforestation, water contamination, and loss of biodiversity. For instance, in Colombia's Muzo region, emerald mining has resulted in widespread deforestation and water pollution, threatening local ecosystems and communities . Additionally, mining activities can cause soil erosion, disrupt local water tables, and release harmful pollutants into the air and water . Implementing sustainable mining practices—such as land rehabilitation, pollution control, and community engagement—is essential to mitigate these impacts and ensure the long-term viability of mining operations
Sustainability in Thermal Power Generation
Thermal power plants, particularly those burning coal, are major contributors to air and water pollution. They emit large quantities of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, and pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to climate change and respiratory health issues . Furthermore, these plants consume vast amounts of water for cooling purposes, leading to thermal pollution that disrupts aquatic ecosystems. For example, the North Chennai Thermal Power Station has been reported to discharge hot water and coal ash into nearby water bodies, adversely affecting local communities and biodiversity . Adopting cleaner technologies, improving waste management, and transitioning to renewable energy sources are critical steps toward sustainable thermal power generation.